Okay, so this is very mysterious, but I think I might have figured out what's happening here: Does the prodigy.json used in your Docker container by any chance specify a "html_template" value?
The sense2vec recipes use the a custom "html_template" to define how to display the word and optional sense in the UI. The global or local prodigy.json lets you override defaults defined in recipes (which can make sense for stuff like styling and other behaviours). But if it's overriding something like the HTML template, that can be a problem. And if it's only your Docker setup that does this, it'd explain why it works fine locally.
(On a related note, Prodigy should probably show warnings if the prodigy.json overrides certain settings that are also used by the recipe and are typically not things you'd want to override globally, like the "html_template" or "choice_style". We should be able to detect that internally, so we can warn the user, while still keeping the option and keeping the mechanism consistent.)