Thanks for your question and welcome to the Prodigy community
The textcat.teach recipe will only suggest you examples to annotate. This is different than the textcat.correct which if you add in --update flag, it will update the model.
There are other posts that have mention ways to use the update callback to update the textcat.teach model:
The best way to understand is by logging, which it sounds like you were already doing.
However, if you want to see/modify those recipes, you can look in the folder of where you've installed Prodigy. You can find the location of your Prodigy installation by running python -m prodigy stats and find the Location folder printed out (for you'd look for the recipes/textcat.py)